Questions Internationales: les Etats-Unis, JFK, et la CIA

A.I. Solzhenitsyn

 Le bimensuel Questions Internationales publie ce mois (N°64, nov-déc 2013) un large dossier de 80 pages sur les "Etats-Unis: vers une hégémonie discrète". L'équipe éditoriale brosse au fil des articles un portrait des plus rassurants pour la situation de ce pays. Il restera le seul dominant nous dit-on ("hégémonie") et il choisit de lui-même de se montrer plus "discret". Pas fuyant, ni en déroute, ni même en retraite. Ni absent, ni ralenti, ni malade, ni convalescent, ni bien Sur impuissant. C'est un "repli apparent", "une politique extérieure furtive", et même "une modestie internationale affichée... qui nourrit une stratégie à long terme d'une hégémonie durable" selon Serge Sur (rédacteur en chef).

Page 8 on peut cependant noter un passage intéressant à propos du Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) et des relais de l'influence des USA en Europe: 

"C'est ainsi que le projet, dont la négociation est ouverte, de zone de libre-échange entre l'Union européenne et les Etats-Unis, tend à absorber l'Union dans une sorte d'Otanie économique qui compléterait la vassalisation sécuritaire, monétaire, financière de l'Europe occidentale. Règles, normes, standards américains seraient, par la force des choses, plus que jamais la loi commune au lieu de la compétition actuelle avec une Union qui sait conserver son autonomie. 

Pour cela, les Etats-Unis disposent, dans l'Union même, de relais actifs, publics ou privés. François Mauriac polémiste évoquait, à propos de certains hommes politiques européens, des "poulets nourris aux hormones américaines". Ils ont beaucoup de descendants dans tous les milieux."

Nous aurons l'occasion de revenir sur ce dossier USA de manière plus détaillée, comme nous l'avons déjà fait (en février, en mars). Il est plus urgent pour aujourd'hui de passer à un problème plus grave dans cette publication.

Questions Internationales est publié par La Documentation Française, imprimé par la Direction de l'Information Légale et Administrative, et bénéficie de la participation de Sciences Po Paris. Son rédacteur en chef, au CV académique, est actuellement juge ad hoc à la Cour internationale de justice de La Haye. Fort bien.

Pourquoi dès lors accepter la publication p110-114, à l'occasion du 50ème anniversaire de la mort de JFK, d'un article de Charles Cogan, ancien chef de la CIA à Paris, et qui commence par ce résumé:

"L'assassinat de John F. Kennedy fut commis par un tueur isolé, Lee Harvey Oswald dont l'acte s'explique en partie par son admiration pour Fidel Castro et son animosité envers le gouvernement et le président des Etats-Unis. Deux éléments suggèrent que Fidel Castro aurait pu être le commanditaire de l'assassinat : le caractère outrancier du personnage et le fait qu'il était au courant des complots ourdis contre lui par les frères Kennedy. A ce jour, aucune information probante n'est toutefois apparue pour corroborer cette hypothèse et la question reste ouverte."

De l'avis même de son auteur, rien ne vient corroborer cette hypothèse castriste 50 ans après les faits. Par contre, d'autres pistes ont été depuis patiemment investiguées, et qui viennent à la fois totalement invalider le rôle de Castro comme commanditaire de l'assassinat, révéler le rôle déterminant et positif joué par Robert Kennedy (dont je me souviens) auprès de son frère, pour le soutenir contre son entourage de conseillers dans la résolution de la crise des missiles; qui viennent également totalement invalider la thèse officielle du tireur isolé, et qui mettent en lumière le rôle de l'état profond (qui recouvre les officines comme la CIA et le FBI) dans la gouvernance du pays. 

J'aurais attendu du comité scientifique et du comité de rédaction d'un tel journal publié par nos institutions de la République un respect plus marqué des valeurs de vérité historique. Au strict minimum, une mention comme "Selon la thèse officielle de la commission d'enquête Warren,..." au début du texte aurait par exemple permis au lecteur de comprendre le nécessaire recul à avoir. Un encart pour donner brièvement un autre point de vue n'aurait pas été de trop non plus.

Je me vois donc obligé de mentionner moi-même ces éléments, puisque cela n'a pas été fait, afin qu'on ne pense pas qu'au pays des Lumières un tel discours honteux qui fait obstacle à la raison et à la vérité passe sans qu'un citoyen ne remplisse son devoir. Nous ne sommes pas à Washington, Dieu merci.

Pour être concis, nous rappelons les références suivantes. Les liens qui ne sont pas en italique conduisent aux textes intégraux et à leurs références documentées qui corroborent les propos: 

- Oswald. Mexico, and Deep Politics: Revelations from CIA Records on the Assassination of JFK, Peter Dale Scott, Skyhorse Publishing, 2013

- Audio: "JFK Conversations with Alan Dale: Online Interviews with Experts on the Presidency & Assassination" (includes long interview with Peter Dale Scott), JFKLancer: Productions & Publications, October 2013.

- "The JFK Assassination: New York Times Acknowledges CIA Deceptions" Peter Dale Scott, Global Research, October 2009

- The Assassinations of the 1960s as `Deep Events', Peter Dale Scott, History-Matters.com, October 2008

- JFK and 9/11: Insights Gained from Studying Both, Peter Dale Scott, Global Research, December 2006

- The CIA, the drug traffic, and Oswald in Mexico, Peter Dale Scott, History-Matters.com, December 2000

- The 3 Oswald deceptions: The operation, the cover-up and the conspiracy, Peter Dale Scott; This piece was originally published in:Deep Politics II

- The Kennedy-CIA divergence over Cuba, Peter Dale Scott, History-Matters.com; This piece was originally published in: Deep Politics II

- CIA files and the pre-assassination framing of Lee Harvey Oswald, Peter Dale Scott; This piece was originally published in: Deep Politics II 
- Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Mexico and Cuba. The New Revelations in U.S. Government Files, 1994-1995. Newly Revised Edition, 1996. JFKLancer Publications

- Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, Peter Dale Scott, 1993, University of California Press.

On pourra aussi s'intéresser aux travaux publiés de la commission parlementaire "Select Committee on Assassinations" de 1979 qui concluent notamment:
"The committee believes, on the basis of the evidence available to it, that the Cuban Government was not involved in the assassination of Kennedy."

Et je rappelle à Serge Sur que le maintien de cette parole est une condition nécessaire de justice. Je cite en anglais puisqu'il comprend fort bien cette langue:

"In keeping silent about evil, in burying it so deep within us that no sign of it appears on the surface, we are implanting it, and it will rise up a thousand fold in the future. When we neither punish nor reproach evildoers, we are not simply protecting their trivial old age, we are thereby ripping the foundations of justice from beneath new generations." 

(A.I. Solzhenitsyn, 1918 – 2008 ; The Gulag Archipelago, 1958-68)

J'ai résumé les causes socio-politiques qui ont conduit au drame du 22 Novembre 1963 dans la première partie de cet article publié en Mars. Parce que la justice n'a jamais pu s'exercer de manière satisfaisante, cette date marque celle de l'émancipation officieuse mais définitive de l'appareil sécuritaire américain vis-à-vis de l'Etat de droit. Ce n'est pas un acte de naissance de l'Etat profond, mais c'est un acte hautement visible et symbolique de son pouvoir, geste rendu logique à ses yeux parce qu'il n'avait pas pu contrôler cet opposant puissant.

La leçon que l'Histoire nous a donnée, retranscrite ici par Solzhenitsyn, nous explique la lente dérive du contexte socio-politique américain étouffé par cet Etat profond jusqu'au coup d'Etat permanent démarré en 2001. J'ai synthétisé l'accélération de cette dérive jusqu'à nos jours dans la deuxième partie de l'article, donnant ainsi un cadre cohérent pour appréhender les conséquences prochaines que j'exposent en conclusion, et en particulier l'inévitable contre-révolution du peuple américain qui conduira nécessairement à ré-exposer en pleine lumière l'intégralité des dessous de cette affaire.

Une société qui se pense libre ne peut en aucun cas faire l'économie de la justice, et réciproquement: une société qui fait l'économie de la justice ne peut se penser libre. C'est pourquoi le système judiciaire américain est autant miné de l'intérieur, et le premier ouvertement remis en cause. Sa défaillance a entraîné les sonneurs d'alarme toujours plus loin, en boule de neige jusqu'au tremblement de terre Snowden qui a écroulé les jeux d'alliance chancelants du gouvernement US.

L'Histoire retiendra que les individus au sein de l'Etat profond ont voulu jouer avec des forces sociales qui les dépassaient, et dont ils n'ont jamais compris la portée, comme tous les tyrans. Ils ont vécu dans l'illusion, ont donc voulu imposer l'illusion de masse à un niveau jamais atteint dans l'Histoire, et ils sont finalement rattrapés par la réalité. Tout le monde peut voir maintenant qu'un César multiforme a bel et bien franchi le Rubicon et que les institutions sont devenues des simulacres. Les masques et les décors de carton tombent. C'est l'effet de dévoilement de la crise.

Le long processus de dé-américanisation du monde passe nécessairement aussi par une dé-américanisation de l'Europe. Dans ce berceau historique de l'esprit démocratique, ce mouvement se traduit de manière plus aiguë par un dépassement des représentants de ce que Francis Dupuis-Déri a nommé l'agoraphobie politique, c'est à dire la peur ou la haine du peuple assemblé pour délibérer et se gouverner. Cette peur justifie dans l'esprit de ceux affectés qu'une élite auto-proclamée exerce son «pouvoir sur» le peuple, se situant donc dans un rapport dialectique de domination hiérarchique et de confiscation du pouvoir.

[Conclusion de l'article complétée en plusieurs ajouts entre le 20 et le 26/11]

We are Polluted by the Pervasive IT Unsecurity - Washington NSA broke Internet’s security for everyone

 All Internet infrastructures, OS and devices are not only unsecured or targetable. Because security shortcomings have been voluntarily and wildly dispersed, the whole digital environment is now deeply polluted by efficient but still unpublished back-doors and weaknesses. 

The control of this global infrastructure, and of its private content, is potentially the winning price offered by a rogue state to any organisations able to find each hack. A new hidden race is ongoing. 

"In its haste to "weaponize" the Internet, the NSA has broken its mechanisms of security. And those breaks—including the backdoors that the NSA convinced or coerced software developers to put into the implementations of their encryption and other security products, are so severe that it is now just a matter of time before others with less-noble causes than fighting terrorism will be able to exploit the holes the NSA has created.

Schneier said that the vulnerabilities inserted into security products by the NSA through its BULLRUN program could easily be exploited by criminals and other nation-states as well once they are discovered. And the other attacks and surveillance methods used by the NSA " will be tomorrow's doctoral theses and next week's Science Fair projects."

But with Congress focused on the woes of the Affordable Care Act, it's not clear if anyone other than those already friendly to Schneier's message was listening." (1)

I am listening.

Any state able to catch this should officially ask the US government to force the NSA to collaborate back with IETF and vendors as soon as possible in order to patch, to publish and to document each and every backdoor or weakness added into implementations of algorithms (software and hardware based).
Any person able to catch this should ask himself why the US government is unable to force the NSA to do this.

This would be only the easiest part of the recovery trail. Think about Fukushima: in both cases we only know at this moment the beginning of the story. Environmental contaminations are very complex and they take considerable time to clean up.

Because Internet belongs to all of us the citizens, and does not belong to any organisation, it is very worrying that the US Government has allowed to seriously damage a common good (the first ever artificial common good, by the way): the infrastructure of our digital environment. This government first, but not only one, must then make every effort to repair it right now, as much as it can. If it fails in this task, it would be a failed state.

This is a major topic for Ars Industrialis... and for any people involved in the mastered value of Internet and digital environments for citizens.

Sources:
(1)

Schneier tells Washington NSA broke Internet’s security for everyone, Ars Technica, 11/18/2013

Traduction FR: Le travail de la NSA pourrait briser les défenses d'internet, PC Inpact

About the de-americanized way of thinking

 Pr. Chomsky recently wrote (emphasis added):

"When the U.S. gained independence, it sought to join the international community of the day. That is why the Declaration of Independence opens by expressing concern for the "decent respect to the opinions of mankind."

A crucial element was evolution from a disorderly confederacy to a unified "treaty-worthy nation," in diplomatic historian Eliga H. Gould's phrase, that observed the conventions of the European order. By achieving this status, the new nation also gained the right to act as it wished internally.

It could thus proceed to rid itself of the indigenous population and to expand slavery, an institution so "odious" that it could not be tolerated in England, as the distinguished jurist William Murray, Earl of Mansfield, ruled in 1772. Evolving English law was a factor impelling the slave-owning society to escape its reach.

Becoming a treaty-worthy nation thus conferred multiple advantages: foreign recognition, and the freedom to act at home without interference. Hegemonic power offers the opportunity to become a rogue state, freely defying international law and norms, while facing increased resistance abroad and contributing to its own decline through self-inflicted wounds."

I would like then to add :

Becoming a rogue state, a treaty-unworthy nation thus conferred multiple disadvantages: blunt foreign recognition, erosion of influence and soft power, diplomacy side-lined in the rapidly evolving international system, and at the extreme point: the freedom for a failed state to act at home without interference is challenged. Hegemonic power seems to offer the opportunity to freely defy international law and norms. In fact, a rogue state is always recognized for what it is, and is facing ever increasing resistance both at home and abroad.
I wrote about this conception in The inevitable counter-revolution of the American people.

[Thanks to Ipernity.com for the article about W.T. Stead's book (The Americanization of the world; or, The trend of the twentieth century) published in 1902 and freely available.]

Towards a resilient international monetary system (part 1)

[This is the English translation of the original article published in French.
Part 2 of this serie is available here: The golden age of our times is the age of gold]

Foreword:

The crisis of legitimacy faced by the institutions of the global governance system set up after 1945 is resulting in the collapse of the old framework of international cooperation, with apparently nothing ready to replace it, besides a myriad of more or less successful regional integration projects. The supra-national regional entities that are currently being forged, created in a context of increasing emergency, are indeed the building blocks of tomorrow’s multipolar world. These integration processes are certainly a necessary step, but without a new "global" governance framework, capable of harmoniously combining these new components, conflicts of interest will soon oppose them and will quickly lead the world into the logic that prevailed in Europe in the late nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century.

Today everyone can see these tensions mounting between blocks on the themes of access to commodities, trade, currencies,.. putting high pressure on the fragile world peace and endangering the impressive development of emerging powers and the long period of prosperity of Western powers.

The next G20 to be held in Saint Petersburg in September is the next opportunity that the world gives itself to find solutions to the growing difficulties facing its equilibrium. But time is running out...

The Euro-BRICS strategic alliance :

For three years now and based on three seminars already, LEAP and MGIMO have been advocating a Euro-BRICS strategic alliance wishes to enable:

• Europe to turn more resolutely towards the future dynamics that the BRICS bring
• the BRICS to find the allies they need to achieve a more balanced global governance system.

In this double simultaneous development, the whole world has everything to gain.

The last seminar of the Euro-BRICS research network was held in Moscow on 23 and 24 May 2013 and addressed several major issues that the dynamics of Euro-BRICS relations could bring solutions upon, which include monetary and trade issues.

My presentation was titled "Towards a resilient international monetary system to systemic crises". I presented a strategic overview of the first part of my thoughts on the evolution of the international monetary system, which concerns the short-term. When reading its content (full text below) it may yet seem too much avant-garde or even wacky. This is not the case as demonstrated by recent announcements: first the announcement last July of the use of Qianhai special region for the purpose of innovation in financial flows. And second: in June 2013, the Asian Development Bank, the Centre for International Governance Innovation and the Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research published a study entitled "A Practical Approach To International Monetary System Reform: Building Infrastructure For Settlement Regional Currencies" (originally presented in a conference December 2012 in Hong-Kong) and exactly aligned with the strategy that I have described.

Bruno Paul, 08/27/2013.

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Towards a resilient international monetary system to systemic crises

Back in April 2010, the World Bank member countries agreed to change its severely criticized governance. This text has never been ratified by the U.S. Congress. 

On 03/26/2013 the BRICS countries announced the opening in 2014 of their own development bank, a fund with more than 100 billion USD, which will be able to substitute to the World Bank when appropriate. 

In response to the question I asked last 04/19/2013 at the conference #futureecon organized by the IMF, about the possibility of creating a second IMF by the BRICS countries, the IMF Deputy General Manager M. Min Zhu worried about this eventuality, and the question is no longer taboo. We need to remember that the world has witnessed the use of two simultaneously dominant reserve currencies during the interwar period. The U.S. dollar and British pound were used in almost equal parts, each with their own geographic area of influence.[5] To continue only to forecast a single international monetary system and a single reserve currency is therefore probably a reflex or an intellectual habit. 

IMF has announced a commitment to a review of quotas by January 2014, a proposition championed by BRIC countries since 2008. [1] 

From the conclusions of their last April and May meetings, G20-Finance, the World Bank, the IMF and the IFMC helped to highlight the strong convergence of international debate and a consensus on three key principles: structural reforms that will manage debt on a sustainable path, deficit reduction over the medium term and reduction of global macroeconomic imbalances. It is explicitly stated the need to restore the resilience of the international economic system. 

The IFMC press release specifically indicates a commitment to refrain from competitive devaluations.[6] 

We can then define two groups of countries: those who actually enroll in this consensus, and those for whom it is only words since the beginning of the crisis. Factual analysis of the evolution of macroeconomic indicators since 2008 allows us to isolate in one group: the U.S., Japan, and the United Kingdom, and in another group: all others G20 countries. For instance, efforts towards a fiscal convergence within the eurozone are particularly remarkable. The integrated economic government of Euroland, with a president appointed at its head who would be responsible for a tax harmonization among the member countries and to extend the plan against tax evasion is growing each day a little bit more, these days by the official voice of François Hollande who so wishes to occur before 2015. 

On the other group, without having to officially using the terms of "competitive devaluation" the weapon of extraordinary monetary policies has already allowed the yen to lose continuously 25% of its value against the dollar, the euro, and the yuan since October 2012. Analysts announce the continuation of this trend throughout 2013.

Therefore what struck us is the failure of the IMF strategic mission of financial supervision, whose official statements endorse the practices of countries that do not play the multilateral game.

This has already pushed the BRICS countries to develop a common strategy for the reform of the international monetary system. [4] To my mind it is shared by the political leaders in the Euroland and fully in the logic of closer Euro-BRICS relations. Let’s list the the big milestones of this multilateral strategy for the reform:

• Reform and entry into force of new quotas and voting rights in the IMF, with an improving weight for countries like the BRICS;
• Reform of the basket of currencies defining the SDR currency (with gold gram);
• Development of a very deep and liquid market for international trade based on the new SDR
• Slow rebalancing of global macroeconomic imbalances in the medium term, is to say 20 years minimum

 The unprecedented political movement created by the creation of a new BRICS development bank, far from appearing as a simple duplication, can be also useful to stimulate diplomatically the progress of this multilateral strategy.

The key question then becomes, in my opinion: is the necessary delay to ensure the success of this strategy allowed? As stated in the introduction of our seminar: "time is running out." We recently published in the Magazine of Political Anticipation an analysis of U.S. foreign and domestic policies going back over a century, and we showed that the policy of military Keynesianism at work in this country led to a strong erosion of democracy, today already at a level where we can anticipate that a significant portion of U.S. citizens in a few years will be forced to follow the path of an open struggle against their federal government. To the international pressure will follow for the U.S. government a rapidly growing domestic pressure.[7]

Moreover, the unveiling role of the world systemic crisis has occurred:

- First, in the recent and anticipated dramatic shifts in the gold market which revealed the price manipulation through short sales contracts on the COMEX in New York, followed by withdrawal of almost all of the eligible physical gold stocks stored by JPMorgan Chase , one of six bullion banks sharing the gold storage and physical delivery for COMEX futures market. 

Source: ZeroHedge

In two days, 400 t of gold disappeared from the bullion banks [3]. At the same time appears the loss of correlation between the official quotation of gold (that is to say, gold paper quotation) and the physical gold which is now accessible only through the addition of a premium which greatly increased , and is highly dependent on local supply. And finally we need to point out the historical record for physical gold imports by Asian countries in the first quarter, including 300 t for China. 

Source : ZeroHedge

- Second, the disclosure is evident in the growing number of leaked lists of thousands of owners of bank accounts in tax havens since 2007 (beginning with the Lichtenstein then Switzerland [2]), in the investigations that the States including those of the Anglo-Saxon pole are forced to conduct, and finally in the growing regulation of automatic data exchanges from tax havens banks to the fiscal administration in the state of residence.

These unveilings are major factors accelerating the global systemic crisis, in its current phase.

It seems to me therefore essential not to abandon the multilateral strategy to reform the international monetary system, but to quickly add to it another initiative from the Euro-BRICS group. This second initiative draws on the logic currently at work of global geopolitical dislocation, and I call it “Multipolar Strategic Initiative for Resilience”. Its purpose is to minimize the effects of currency war, and to complement the use of the many new bilateral swaps.

Our proposition is to develop or create Special Administrative Regions for each country of the Euro-BRICS group. These regions would be dedicated to flows of goods traded by each country of the Euro-BRICS with the United States and Japan, like the existing status for Hong Kong or Macau. The inclusion of the UK in this list of special trade partners could be studied as well, but the process is made much longer and uncertain for the euro zone because of the current European treaties. Possible future voluntary exit from the European Union by the UK would call for study its inclusion in this list.

Euro-BRICS countries would not make any more invoicing or payments for goods selling directly with the United States and Japan. Note that we consider for the moment only flows of physical goods, that is to say, the greater part of the real economy. Import/export flows and re-invoicing would be operated only using transhipment through the Special Administrative Regions (SAR). The idea would be to use in these regions a different currency than the one commonly used in Euro-BRICS countries, in the same way that the Hong-Kong dollar is not the same currency than the yuan or renminbi.  Current currencies would remain convertible on the market. These Special Administrative Regions would concentrate the risk of trading with countries with great variations in currency exchange rates. Euro-BRICS countries would be able to regulate at will the rate of exchange between their own currency and the one in force in their own SAR. These SAR would be developed or created around major ports currently used for trade with the USA and Japan. Registering not strictly necessary financial activities (private funds ...) in these SAR will be discouraged.

Trade between the Euro-BRICS countries should not be affected by the development of the RAS, and if possible do not pass through them. These areas should be used only to build a “firewall” (like when protecting IT networks) for trade with countries whose observed policies have proven their unwillingness to respect the required governance for an effective multilateral trade dialogue.

However, it is desirable that the Euro-BRICS countries strengthen their abandonment of the dollar as their international invoicing currency for trade between them, including for oil products. The existing agreements should be amended accordingly.

The Multipolar Strategic Initiative for Resilience is very flexible. Each country can progress at its own pace in this direction, respecting the new cooperative logic of global governance summarized by the expression of Evgenia Obitchkina: “the multipolarity alongside the diversity." [8]

The main advantage of such a "string of pearls" of RAS that would interface with the United States and Japan, in addition to reducing the currency risk thanks to the strict control of the exchange rate with the SAR and to the billing terms that can be optimized, lies in the resilience of the international trade system in case of default of major financial institutions in the United States or Japan. For Euro-BRICS countries, financial defeasance structures (Special Purpose Vehicles…) would be registered in the RAS and systemic risk would be more contained without jeopardizing businesses and public debts of the Euro-BRICS countries.

Finally this initiative can be simply summarized: it is to organize and regulate the interface between the dollar-yen area and the rest of the world. The trade and economic size of the Euro-BRICS countries is sufficient to initiate the successful containment of the systemic risk.

In a second step, one could think about control of capital flows between the Euro-BRICS countries and U.S. / Japan, but it seems to me less of a priority and can be developed independently. The Asian crisis of 97 and the euro crisis have already raised awareness of required significant exchange reserves or alternative mechanism to dampen currency crises or sudden withdrawal of capital by U.S. companies.

The world of tomorrow, but also visible prospects out of the current global crisis depends to a large extent on the qualities of the new international monetary system and first its stability. The Multipolar Strategic Initiative for Resilience is a new step towards a dual international monetary system resilient to global systemic crises. As Deng Xiaoping stated: "One World, a dual system" is the horizon to which we should move forward. And as said Richard Fuller, “to change something we need to build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete”. The mere mention of this possibility is already a carried weight argument to improve the effectiveness of the multilateral strategy. This new initiative is a potential source of true political influence for the Euro-BRICS and for a growing synergy by network effect.

Bruno Paul, 05/23/2013, Moscow.

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[1] Quotas Page, IMF; IMF fails to agree on new formula for vote reforms, Reuters, 01/2013; Reform of the IMF Executive Board, quotas: status update, SAFPI, 02/2013; Press release 10/418, IMF, 11/2010. 

[2] Shortly after the agreement with the French fiscal administration is an agreement reached between UBS Switzerland and the USA . 

[3] K. Weiner has since proposed a different explanation for this fact. It is seldom known and deserves to be mentioned. 

[4] M. Otero-Iglesias, M. Zhang, EU-China Collaboration in the Reform of the International Monetary System, RCIF Working Paper No. 2012W07, 04/2012; Mr. Otero-Iglesias, China, the Euro and the Reform of the International Monetary System , 10/2012 

[5] C. R. Schenk, The Retirement of Sterling as a Reserve Currency after 1945: Lessons for the US Dollar ?, Canadian Network for Economic History conference, 10/2009 ; B. Eichengreen, M. Flandreau, The rise and fall of the dollar, or when did the dollar replace sterling as the leading international currency?, NBER Working Paper 14154, 2008. 

[6] Statement by Secretary Jacob J. Lew at the International Monetary Financial Committee (IMFC) Meeting, 04/2013. 

[7] B. Paul, The inevitable counter-revolution of the American people, Magazine of Political Anticipation, n.8, 03/2013; See also the long version of this article in French. 

[8] E. Obitchkina, « From the diplomacy of states to that of networks: powers and areas of interest », 3rd Euro-BRICS seminar, Cannes, 09/2012.